

Komplikationen und Spätfolgen lassen sich mittlerweile in drei Gruppen einteilen:
- Schwerer akuter Verlauf (Hospitalisierung/Intensivstation) mit Organschäden und Reha-Bedarf
- Milder akuter Verlauf mit LongCOVID
- Milder akuter Verlauf mit Spätfolgen, die sich erst Jahre später zeigen (noch unklar, v.a. für Kinder, aber generell Alzheimer/Demenz-Risiko)
- Autoimmunreaktion
- Entzündung
- Anhaltender Virus oder „Virus-Reste“ im Körper
- Gerinnungsstörungen (Blutgerinnsel)
4 Symptom-Cluster:
- 1. Herz-, Nieren- und Kreislauf-Symptome. (34%)
- 2. Atem- und Schlafprobleme, Angstzustände, Kopf- und Brustschmerzen (33%)
- 3. Muskel-, Skelett- und Nervensymptome. (23%)
- 4. kombinierte Verdauungs- und Atemsymptome. (10%)
Therapien

- Finnigan et al, Efficacy and tolerability of an endogenous metabolic modulator (AXA1125) in fatigue-predominant long COVID: a single-centre, double-blind, randomised controlled phase 2a pilot study (14.04.23 – Fatigue-Symptome deutlich verbessert)
- Rachel Fairbank, Long COVID exercise trials proposed by NIH raise alarm (31.03.23)
- Mikulska et al., Triple Combination Therapy With 2 Antivirals and Monoclonal Antibodies for Persistent or Relapsed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in Immunocompromised Patients (28.03.23)
- Shionogi says its drug Xocova may reduce risks of long COVID symptoms (22.02.23 – relatives Risiko um 45% reduziert, 1/3 für neurologische Symptome, antivirales Medikament Ensitrelvir Fumaric Acid)
- Thompson et al., Long-term high-dose immunoglobulin successfully treats Long COVID patients with pulmonary, neurologic, and cardiologic symptoms (02.02.23)
- Bramante et al., Outpatient treatment of Covid-19 with metformin, ivermectin, and fluvoxamine and the development of Long Covid over 10-month follow-up. (24.12.22, preprint – “There was a 42% relative decrease in the incidence of Long Covid in the metformin group”)
- Xie and et al., Nirmatrelvir and the Risk of Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (05.11.22, preprint – 25% Reduktion von LongCOVID durch Paxlovid)
- Trisha Greenhalgh, Long covid—an update for primary care (22.09.22)
- WHO: Clinical management of COVID-19: Living guideline (15 September 2022 – WHO warnt vor aktivierender Reha bei LongCOVID, wenn PEM/PESE vorliegt)
- Long-COVID treatments: why the world is still waiting (09.08.22 – derzeit mehr als 25 randomisierte Versuche am Laufen in verschiedenen Stadien)
- Imai et al., Epipharyngeal Abrasive Therapy (EAT) Has Potential as a Novel Method for Long COVID Treatment (27.04.22)
- Wright et al., The Relationship between Physical Activity and Long COVID: A Cross-Sectional Study (22.04.22 – in 75% der Bewegungstherapien verschlechterte sich LongCOVID, nur bei 0,8% zeigte sich eine Verbesserung)
- Glynne et al., Long COVID following mild SARS-CoV-2 infection: characteristic T cell alterations and response to antihistamines (05.10.21 – H1/H2-Blocker erfolgreich in einem Subset an LongCOVID-Betroffenen)
Long COVID Spektrum- Suche nach Biomarkern und Prädikatoren

- Legler et al., Symptom persistence and biomarkers in post-COVID-19/chronic fatigue syndrome – results from a prospective observational cohort (17.04.23, preprint – kaum Verbesserung bei MECFS-Patienten 20 Monate nach der Infektion, insgesamt Verbesserung bei PostCOVID-Patienten ohne MECFS-Diagnose)
- Turner et al., Rapid flow cytometric analysis of fibrin amyloid microclots in Long COVID (29.03.23, preprint – Durchflusszytometrie statt Fluoreszenzmikroskopie zur Diagnose der Microclots, leicht verfügbar)
- Apostolo et al., Decreased Gas6 and sAxl Plasma Levels Are Associated with Hair Loss in COVID-19 Survivors (26.03.23)
- Schäfer et al. Altered Tissue Oxygenation in Patients with Post COVID-19 Syndrome (01/2023, preprint)
- Kovarik et al., A multi-omics based anti-inflammatory immune signature characterizes long COVID-19 syndrome (02.12.22)
- Putrino Lab: Bluttest auf Microclots und Blättchenüberaktivierung als Biomarker für LongCOVID (09.12.22)
- Etter et al., Severe Neuro-COVID is associated with peripheral immune signatures, autoimmunity and neurodegeneration: a prospective cross-sectional study (09.11.22)
- Xu et al., Endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19: an overview of evidence, biomarkers, mechanisms and potential therapies (17.10.22)
- Turner et al., Increased levels of inflammatory molecules in blood of Long COVID patients point to thrombotic endotheliitis (13.10.22, preprint – “presence of microclotting, and relatively high levels of six inflammatory molecules known to be key drivers of endothelial and clotting pathology, points to thrombotic endotheliitis as a key pathological process in LongCOVID“)
- Patel et al., Elevated vascular transformation blood biomarkers in Long-COVID indicate angiogenesis as a key pathophysiological mechanism (10.10.22 – Blutwerte erhöht, die bei Gefäßneubildung, Wundheilung und Gerinnung eine Rolle spielen)
- Schlick et al., Post-COVID-19 syndrome: retinal microcirculation as a potential marker for chronic fatigue (23.09.22, preprint)
- Captur et al., Plasma proteomic signature predicts who will get persistent symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection (28.09.22 – Artikel im Dt Ärzteblatt)
- Staessen et al., Predictive performance and clinical application of COV50, a urinary proteomic biomarker in early COVID-19 infection: a prospective multicentre cohort study (31.08.22)
- Klein et al., Distinguishing features of Long COVID identified through immune profiling (10.08.22)
- Übersichtsartikel – 3 führende Theorien zur Ursache von LongCOVID (16.06.22 – Mikrothromben, verbleibende virale RNA im Körper, Immunsuppression)
- Iwamura et al., Elevated Myl9 reflects the Myl9-containing microthrombi in SARS-CoV-2–induced lung exudative vasculitis and predicts COVID-19 severity (27.07.22)
- Persistent 129Xe MRI Pulmonary and CT Vascular Abnormalities in Symptomatic Individuals with Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome (28.06.22 – LongCOVID im speziellen MRI/CT nachweisbar)
- Peluso et al., Evidence of recent Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in individuals experiencing Long COVID (22.06.22, preprint – Korrelation zwischen LongCOVID-Symptomen und dem Nachweis einer kürzlichen Reaktivierung des Epstein-Barr-Virus (EBV IgG über 600 U/ml). Latente EBV existiert bei über 90% der Erwachsenen.)
- Schultheiß et al., The IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF cytokine triad is associated with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (21.06.22)
- Swank et al., Persistent circulating SARS-CoV-2 spike is associated with post-acute COVID-19 sequelae (16.06.22, preprint – bis zu 1 Jahr zirkulierendes Spike-Protein)
- Twele et al., Detection of Post-COVID-19 Patients Using Medical Scent Detection Dogs—A Pilot Study (16.06.22)
- Diane E. Griffin, Why does viral RNA sometimes persist after recovery from acute infections? (01.06.22)
- Prasannan et al., Impaired exercise capacity in post-COVID syndrome: the role of VWF-ADAMTS13 axis (11.05.22 – erhöhte Blutgerinnung messbar )
- Son et al., Circulating anti-nuclear autoantibodies in COVID-19 survivors predict long COVID symptoms (2022)
- Miglis et al., A case series of cutaneous phosphorylated α-synuclein in Long-COVID POTS (16.05.22 – 63% der LongCOVID-Patienten haben dieses Protein in den small fiber nerves, dieser Biomarker tritt auch bei Parkinson und anderen neurogenerativen Erkrankungen auf)
- Natarajan et al., Gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA suggest prolonged gastrointestinal infection (12.04.22 – LongCOVID ist *immer* noch COVID, antivirale Medikamente als Therapie?!)
- Hong Kong-Wissenschaftler entwickeln einfachen Stuhltest, um LongCOVID zu diagnostizieren (11.04.22 – 90% Genauigkeit, Einschränkung: geringe Teilnehmerzahl)
- Bitirgen et al., Abnormal quantitative pupillary light responses following COVID-19 (05.04.22 – Pupillenreaktion beeinträchtigt – korreliert oft mit Lichtempfindlichkeit)
- Grandjean et al., Screening for SARS-CoV-2 persistence in Long COVID patients using sniffer dogs and scents from axillary sweats samples (Preprint, 12.1.22 – 23/45 LongCOVID-Patienten erkannt),
- Nervenschaden bei 60% einer kleinen Kohorte an LongCOVID-Patienten – vor allem small fiber neuropathy (kann mit einer Nervenbiopsie getestet werden)
- Interferone (Zytokine) IFN-β & IFN-λ1 bleiben dauerhaft erhöht (Phetsouphanh et al., 13.01.22)
- Entzündungsmarker CCL11 im Blut erhöht (Fernández-Castaneda et al., 12.06.22)
- Erhöhte Blutgerinnungsproteine (Antiplasmin) (Pretorius et al., 23.08.21)
- Chanprapaph et al., Nailfold Capillaroscopy With USB Digital Microscopy in Connective Tissue Diseases: A Comparative Study of 245 Patients and Healthy Controls (06.08.21 – changes in microvasculature – could be seen in nailfold capillaroscopy, smartphone based, siehe auch bei Kapillarmikroskopie – kann von jedem Angiologen/Rheumatologen untersucht werden )
- Virus-RNA im Gewebe bleibt erhalten (Chertow et al., 20.12.21, preprint, de Melo et al., 13.05.21)
- Schellong-Test machen. Fast alle haben Posturales orthostatisches Tachykardiesyndrom (POTS) oder orthostatische Hypotension (Schwindel beim Stehen), siehe Desai et al. (26.11.21)
Risikofaktoren für Long Covid
- Resendez et al., Defining the Subtypes of Long COVID and Risk Factors for Prolonged Disease (21.05.23 – mit OMICRON leicht gestiegenes (!) LongCOVID-Risiko)
- O’Regan et al., Covid-19 and post-acute sick leave: a hybrid register and questionnaire study in the adult Danish population (31.03.23, preprint)
- Xue et al., Persistent short nighttime sleep duration is associated with a greater post-COVID risk in fully mRNA-vaccinated individuals (02/2023 – ständiger Schlafmangel (unter 6 Std.) ist mit erhöhtem LongCOVID-Risiko verbunden, auch bei Geimpften)
- Jacobs et al., Pre-existing conditions associated with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (02/23 – Personen mit Asthma, chronische Verstopfung, Reflux, rheumatoide Arthritis, SLE, MS, saisonale Allergien, Depression/Angsterkrankungen mit signifikant erhöhtem Risiko)
- Herman et al., Impact of cross-coronavirus immunity in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (26.09.22 – Imprinting von OC43)
- Paul and Fancourt, Health behaviours the month prior to COVID-19 infection and the development of self-reported long COVID and specific long COVID symptoms: a longitudinal analysis of 1581 UK adults (09.09.22 – schlechter Schlaf im Monat vor der Infektion erhöht Risiko)
- Su et al., Multiple early factors anticipate post-acute COVID-19 sequelae (24.01.22 – Typ-2-Diabetes, Viruspersistenz, EBV, spezifische Auto-Antikörper
- Huang et al., COVID Symptoms, Symptom Clusters, and Predictors for Becoming a Long-Hauler Looking for Clarity in the Haze of the Pandemic (2022 – alle Altersgruppen, mehr Frauen)
Meta-Analysen, Systematic Reviews und White-Papers
- Kole et al., Acute and Post-Acute COVID-19 Cardiovascular Complications: A Comprehensive Review (20.05.23)
- Woodrow et al., Systematic review of the prevalence of Long Covid (03.05.23 – 120 Studien berücksichtigt, 3-12 Monate Follow-Up )
- Turner et al., Long COVID: pathophysiological factors and abnormalities of coagulation (19.04.23 – LongCOVID als Folge von Mikrozirkulationsstörungen)
- Zheng et al., Prevalence and risk factor for long COVID in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis and systematic review (07.03.23 – 40 Studien, n = 12424 Betroffene unter 18, Prävalenz für jegliche LongCOVID-Symptome lag bei 23,3%)
- Byambasuren et al., Effect of covid-19 vaccination on long covid: systematic review (28.02.23 – gewisser schützender Effekt vorhanden)
- Guo et al., Long-term cardiac symptoms following COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis (17.01.23, preprint – Herzrhythmusstörungen und Schmerzen in der Brust am häufigsten )
- Velichkovsky et al., Attention and memory after COVID-19 as measured by neuropsychological tests: Systematic review and meta-analysis (12.01.23)
- Nader et al., A Systematic Review of Trials Currently Investigating Therapeutic Modalities for Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome and Registered on World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Platform (12.01.23 – 388 Medikamentenversuche)
- Massoud et al., Risk of thromboembolic events in non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A systematic review (15.02.23 – “Our meta-analyses support the increase in risk of DVT and PE, and likely increase of MI, in non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The risk of stroke appears significant in the first week following infection but drops to insignificance two weeks later.”)
- Lai et al., Biomarkers in long COVID-19: A systematic review (20.01.23)
- Davis et al., LongCOVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations (13.01.23 – wichtige Zusammenfassung des aktuellen Kenntnisstands: 65 Mio Betroffene weltweit, Fokus 36-50. Lebensjahr, produktivste Phase des Erwerbslebens, Herzerkrankungen nehmen bereits mit Erstinfektion zu, selbst bei 3fach Geimpften steigt LongCOVID-Risiko nach Reinfektion an )
- Zuin et al., Risk of incident heart failure after COVID-19 recovery: a systematic review and meta-analysis (27.12.22 – 90% Risiko über 9 Monate hinweg nach überstandener Infektion, steigendes Risiko mit Alter und Bluthochdruck)
- Marra et al., The effectiveness of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine in the prevention of post–COVID-19 conditions: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis (06.12.22 – Impfung bietet 29% Schutz gegen LongCOVID)
- Ssentongo et al., Association of COVID-19 with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis (23.11.22 – COVID-19 was associated with a 66% higher risk of incident diabetes, Glukosedysregulierung nach Infektion überwachen!)
- O’Mahoney et al., The prevalence and long-term health effects of Long Covid among hospitalised and non-hospitalised populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis (01.12.22 – 45% mit anhaltenden Symptomen unabhängig Schwere der Erkrankung)
- Astin et al., Long COVID: mechanisms, risk factors and recovery (22.11.22)
- Zhang et al., Risk for newly diagnosed diabetes after COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis (15.11.22 – über alle Altersgruppen hinweg erhöhtes Diabetes-Risiko, am höchsten 3 Monate nach Infektion, bereits bekannt bei Influenza und anderen Viruserkrankungen vermutet)
- Notarte et al., Impact of COVID-19 vaccination on the risk of developing long-COVID and on existing long-COVID symptoms: A systematic review (26.08.22 – n = 11 Studien, 7 zeigten Verbesserung von Long COVID nach Impfung, 4 keine Änderung oder Verschlechterung)
- Houben et al., The Impact of COVID-19 Infection on Cognitive Function and the Implication for Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (24.06.22 – 27 Studien, n = 90317)
- Lopez-Leon et al., Long-COVID in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analyses (23.06.22)
- Patients diagnosed with Post-COVID conditions: An analysis of private healthcare claims using the official ICD-10 diagnostic code – A FAIR White Paper (18.05.22 – n = 78000! 76% der LongCOVID-Patienten waren nicht im Krankenhaus, Altersgruppe 36-50 Jahre mit höchstem Risiko, 60% weiblich, 40% männlich; 31% ohne Vorerkrankungen)
- Chen et al., Global Prevalence of Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Condition or Long COVID: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review (16.04.22)
- Ceban et al., Fatigue and Cognitive Impairment in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (29.12.21)
- Nasserie et al., Assessment of the Frequency and Variety of persistent symptoms among patients with covid-19 – A systematic review (26.05.21)
- Lopez-Leon et al., More than 50 Long-term effects of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis (30.01.21)
Long COVID bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Long COVID nach schweren Verläufen (Hospitalisierung)
- Ozonoff et al., Phenotypes of disease severity in a cohort of hospitalized COVID-19 patients: Results from the IMPACC study (09.08.22 – Altersschnitt 59, 60% Männer, 20% benötigten mechanische Beatmung, 14% Sterblichkeit, Risikofaktoren: 65 und älter, erhöhtes Kreatin/Troponin, Lymphozytenmangel, Lungeninfiltrate, hohe Viruslast, Sterblichkeit verbunden mit höchster Viruslast vs. niedrigste Antikörperbildung, Viertel der Überlebenden mit Post-Covid-Symptomen, einziger bekannter Risikofaktor weibliches Geschlecht)
- Evans et al., Clinical characteristics with inflammation profiling of long COVID and association with 1-year recovery following hospitalisation in the UK: a prospective observational study (23.04.22 – nur 29% der hospitalisierten Patienten erholen sich innerhalb eines Jahres, n = 750 000)
- Cohen et al., Risk of persistent and new clinical sequelae among adults aged 65 years and older during the post-acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection: retrospective cohort study (09.02.22- ORF-Bericht dazu)
- Vijayakumar et al., Immuno-proteomic profiling reveals aberrant immune cell regulation in the airways of individuals with ongoing post-COVD-19 respiratory disease (25.01.22)
- Becker et al., Assessment of Cognitive Function in Patients After COVID-19 Infection (22.10.21 – 25% betroffen!)
- Günster et al., 6-month mortality and readmissions of hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A nationwide cohort study of 8,679 patients in Germany (05.08.21)
- Daughertly et al., Risk of clinical sequelae after the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection: retrospective cohort study (19.05.21, n = > 266 000)
- Chou et al: Global incidence of neurological manifestations among patients hospitalized with covid-19 – a report for the GCS-NeuroCOVID consortium and the ENERGY consortium (11.05.21)
- Ayoubkhani et al., Post-covid syndrome in individuals admitted to hospital with covid-19: retrospective cohort study (31.03.21 – 4x häufiger erneut im Krankenhaus, 8x häufiger gestorben, v.a. Häufung bei Diabetes, Nieren- und Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen)
- 7 in 10 people hospitalized for COVID-19 have not fully recovered five months after discharge, study says (24.03.21, n = 1077!)
- Symptoms and quality of life following hospitalisation for COVID-19 (03/21)
- One in 10 COVID patients die within months of leaving hospital, study reveals (19.02.21)
- Huang et al., 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study (n = 1733!) – (08.01.21)
- Chopra et al.: Sixty-Day Outcomes among patients hospitalized with Covid19 (11.11., n = 488)
- Raman et al., Medium-term effects of SARS-CoV2 infection on multiple vital organs, exercise capacity, cognition, quality of life and mental health, post-hospital discharge (18.10.)
- After a Hospital Stay for Covid, Patients May Face Months of Rehabilitation (08.10.)
- Arnold et al., Patient outcomes after hospitalisation with COVID-19 and implications for follow-up; results from a prospective UK cohort (14.08.)
- Munro et al., Persistent self-reported changes in hearing and tinnitus in post-hospitalisation COVID-19 cases (31.07.)
- Most Covid-19 patients admitted to a Sydney hospital in March still have symptoms (16.07.)
- Carfi et al., Persistent symptoms in patients after acute Covid-19 (09.07.)
- Leung et al., The Epidemology of SARS in the 2003 Hong Kong Epidemic: An analysis of all 1755 patients (2004)
Long COVID nach Impfdurchbrüchen (ca. 5-15%)
- Tran et al., Efficacy of first dose of covid-19 vaccine versus no vaccination on symptoms of patients with long covid: target trial emulation based on ComPaRe e-cohort (28.02.23)
- Richard et al., Persistent COVID-19 Symptoms at 6 Months After Onset and the Role of Vaccination Before or After SARS-CoV-2 Infection (18.01.23, n = 1832, Impfung verringert LongCOVID-Symptome um 40%, Caveat: vor OMICRON)
- Nehme et al., Prevalence of post-COVID Condition 12 Weeks after Omicron Infection Compared to Negative Controls and Association with Vaccination Status (15.12.22 – nach BA.1/BA.2 weniger LongCOVID in Geimpften gegenüber Ungeimpften)
- Perlis et al., Prevalence and Correlates of Long COVID Symptoms Among US Adults (27.10.22, n = 16000, 15% LongCOVID, Geimpfte im Vergleich Ungeimpfte 28% geringeres Risiko für LongCOVID, OMICRON etwas seltener LongCOVID, Studienzeitraum bis 6.7.22 )
- Ayoubkhani et al., Risk of Long Covid in people infected with SARS-CoV-2 after two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine: community-based, matched cohort study (12.09.22 – longcovid risk scheint mit Anfangsschwere der Symptome zuzunehmen, 10% longcovid bei geimpften, verglichen zu 15% bei Ungeimpften.)
- Ayoubkhani and Bosworth, Self-reported long COVID after infection with the Omicron variant in the UK: 18 July 2022 (18.07.22 – 4% der 3fach Geimpften nach 3-4 Monaten noch eingeschränkt, kaum Unterschiede zwischen DELTA, BA.1 und BA.2)
- Azzolini et al., Association Between BNT162b2 Vaccination and Long COVID After Infections Not Requiring Hospitalization in Health Care Workers (01.07.22 2-3 Dosen reduzieren LongCOVID-Risiko um 75-85%)
- Antonelli et al., Risk of long COVID associated with delta versus omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 (18.06.22 – weniger LongCOVID bei Omicron im Vergleich zu DELTA, Limitation: überwiegend BA.1)
- Emecen et al., The presence of symptoms within 6 months after COVID-19: a single-center longitudinal study (17.06.22 – n = 5610, Impfung reduziert Risiko um 50%, keine klare Aussage über Absolutzahlen möglich)
- Al-Aly et al., Long COVID after breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection (25.05.22, n = 33940, 2fache Impfung bietet nur ca. 15% Schutz vor LongCOVID )
- Ayoubkhani et al., Trajectory of long covid symptoms after covid-19 vaccination: community based cohort study (18.05.22, n = 28356)
- Morioka et al., Post COVID-19 condition of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 (16.05.22, preprint, small group – LongCOVID bei OMICRON seltener, Limitation: 01/12/21-09/02/22, überwiegend BA.1)
- Ayoubkhani and Bosworth, Self-reported long COVID after infection with the Omicron variant in the UK (06.05.22 – ähnlich hohes LongCOVID-Risiko bei 3fach Geimpften zwischen DELTA und BA.1 (rund 8%), bei BA.2 noch höher (8-11%)
- Ayoubkhani et al., Risk of Long Covid in people infected with SARS-CoV-2 after two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine: community-based, matched cohort study (24.02.22, zweifache Impfung halbiert LongCOVID-Risiko)
- Ayoubkhani et al., Self-reported long COVID after two doses of a coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine in the UK: 26 January 2022 (26.01.22 – Risiko an LongCOVID zu erkranken von 14,6 auf 9,5% gesunken nach zweifacher Impfung – vor OMICRON)
- Kuodi et al., Association between vaccination status and reported incidence of post-acute COVID-19 symptoms in Israel: a cross-sectional study of patients infected between March 2020 and November 2021 (17.01.22, preprint, Update mit Referenzgruppe – 54% weniger Kopfschmerzen, 64% weniger Fatigue, 68% weniger Muskelschmerzen als bei Ungeimpften)
- The effectiveness of vaccination against long COVID – A rapid evidence briefing (12.01.22)
- Jördis Frommhold: Nur sporadische Patienten mit LongCOVID unter 3000 Patienten (04.01.22 – meistens direkt nach der 2. Impfung)
- Antonelli et al., Risk factors and disease profile of post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection in UK users of the COVID Symptom Study app: a prospective, community-based, nested, case-control study (01/022 – ca. halbiertes Risiko vor OMICRON)
- Do vaccines protect against long COVID? What the data say (23.11.21)
- Simon et al., Reduced Incidence of Long-COVID Symptoms Related to Administration of COVID-19 Vaccines Both Before COVID-19 Diagnosis and Up to 12 Weeks After (18.11.21 – vor DELTA)
- Al-Aly, Long COVID after Breakthrough COVID-19: the post-acute sequelae of breakthrough COVID-19 (15.11.21, preprint – n = 16000, controls 3,5 Mio, auch nach milden Verläufen)
- Taquet et al., Six-month sequelae of post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective cohort study of 10,024 breakthrough infections (26.10.21, preprint – Impfung reduziert im Fall eines Impfdurchbruchs Risiko von LongCOVID NICHT!)
- Senjam et al., Assessment of Post COVID-19 Health Problems and its Determinants in North India: A descriptive cross section study (07.10.21 – 2fache Impfung reduziert um 45%)
Long “COVID”-artige Symptome nach Impfung (Post-Vac-Syndrom, sehr selten)
- In rare cases, coronavirus vaccines may cause Long Covid–like symptoms (20.01.22)
- Rajabally et al., Antecedent infections and vaccinations in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: A European collaborative study (15.07.21)
- Reddy et al., A Case of Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome Secondary to the Messenger RNA COVID-19 Vaccine (04.05.21)
Wissenschaftliche Kommentare (keine Studien)
- Thaweethai et al., Development of a Definition of Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (25.05.23 – 10% Betroffene, moderater Schutz durch Impfung, erhöhtes Risiko bei Reinfektionen, 1/3 der Betroffenen mit Besserung nach 9 Monaten)
- Yang et al., Association of SARS-CoV-2 infection and persistence with long COVID (10.05.23)
- David Putrino: Long COVID: Incidence, Impacts, And Implications (29.03.23)
- Eric Topol, Some light on Long COVID (12.08.22)
- Gideon M-K: How many people get long covid? (04.08.22)
- Walker et al., Parosmia – a common consequence of covid-19 (27.04.22 – im Schnitt erst 3 Monate nach der Infektion)
- Brodin et al., Studying severe long COVID to understand post-infectious disorders beyond COVID-19 (05.04.22)
- Seitz and Ong, Endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19: A potential predictor of long-COVID? (23.11.21)
- Ainsley Hawthorn: Like polio, the long-term impact of COVID will be measured in disability (26.09.21)
- Nisreen A. Alwan: The road to addressing Long COVID (30.07.21)
- Nisreen A. Alwan: The teachings of Long COVID (12.07.21)
- Michael Marshall: The four most urgent questions about long COVID (09.06.21)
- Dr. Francis Collins: How COVID-19 can lead to diabetes (08.06.21)
- Vivien Marx, Scientists set out to connect the dots on long COVID (28.04.21)
- Etheridge and Asaki, COVID-19 Infection and Corrected QT Interval Prolongation—Collateral Damage From Our Newest Enemy (23.04.21)
- Nalbandian et al: Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (22.03.21)
- Nisreen Alwan: We must pay more attention to covid-19 morbidity in the second year of the pandemic (03.02.21)
- Callard and Perego, How and why patients made Long Covid (01/21)
- Altmann and Boyton, Confronting the pathophysiology of long covid (09.12.20)
- Gareth Lacobucci: Long covid: Damage to multiple organs presents in young, low risk patients (17.11.20)
- Perego et al.: Why we need to keep using the patient made term „Long Covid“ (01.10.20)
- Rita Rubin, As their numbers grow, COVID-19 „long-haulers“ stump experts (23.09.20)
- Eric Topol: Covid19 can affect the heart (23.09.20)
- The lasting misery of coronavirus long-haulers (14.09.)
- Yelin et al., Long-term consequences of COVID-19: research needs (01.09.20)
- Nisreen A. Alwan: A negative COVID-19 test does not mean recovery (11.08.20)
- Greenhalgh et al., Management of post-acute covid-19 in primary care (11.08.20)
- From ‘brain fog’ to heart damage, COVID-19’s lingering problems alarm scientists (31.07.20)
- Helen Salisbury: When will we be well again? (23.06.20)
(Follow-Up)-Studien über Häufigkeit und Dauer von Spätfolgen
- Wahlgren et al., Two-year follow-up of patients with post-COVID-19 condition in Sweden: a prospective cohort study (24.02.23 – 84% der Betroffenen mit anhaltenden Symptomen nach 2 Jahren)
- Dennis et al., Multi-organ impairment and long COVID: a 1-year prospective, longitudinal cohort study (14.02.23 – Organschäden halten bei 59% der LongCOVID-Patienten ein Jahr nach der Infektion an)
- Wambeke et al, Two-Years Follow-Up of Symptoms and Return to Work in Complex Post-COVID-19 Patients (17.01.23 – 09/21- 03/22, also DELTA und BA.1/BA.2, n = 105, nur 9% erholten sich, 40% konnten Vollzeit arbeiten, 36% gar nicht, 24% Teilzeit)
- Mizrahi et al., Long covid outcomes at one year after mild SARS-CoV-2 infection: nationwide cohort study (11.01.23 – erhöhtes Risiko für Streptokokken/Mandelentzündung)
- Robertson et al., The epidemiology of long COVID in US adults (21.12.22)
- Bernas et al., Post-COVID-19 condition in the German working population: A cross-sectional study of 200k registered stem cell donors (13.11.22 – nach 15 Monaten noch 28% mit Fatique und 10% mit Konzentrationsschwächen, überwiegend Ungeimpfte bis August 2021)
- Peter et al., Post-acute sequelae of covid-19 six to 12 months after infection: population based study (13.10.22 – rund 1/3 LongCOVID-Betroffene 6-12 Monate nach Infektion)
- Hastie et al., Outcomes among confirmed cases and a matched comparison group in the Long-COVID in Scotland study (12.10.22 – Follow Up 6,12 und 18 Monate – 6% nicht genesen, 42% nur teilweise )
- Xiu et al., Long-term neurologic outcomes of COVID-19 (22.09.22 – auch nach milder Infektion drohen neurologische Schäden, jeder 70. von 1000 Personen nach 1 Jahr betroffen)
- Robertson et al., The epidemiology of long COVID in US adults two years after the start of the US SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (14.09.22, preprint – 7,3% der erwachsenen US-Bevölkerung hat LongCOVID, nur 18.5 Millionen Menschen betroffen)
- Nehme et al., The chronification of post-COVID condition associated with neurocognitive symptoms, functional impairment and increased healthcare utilization (25.08.22)
- Taquet et al., Neurological and psychiatric risk trajectories after SARS-CoV-2 infection: an analysis of 2-year retrospective cohort studies including 1 284 437 patients (17.08.22 – psychiatrische Störungsbilder verringern sich meist nach wenigen Monaten, kognitive Defizite bleiben bestehen, nur bei Kindern verschwinden sie meist nach spätestens 75 Tagen; eine beträchtliche Zahl älterer Erwachsener mit neurologischer/psychiatrischer Diagnose starb, v.a. mit Demenz/Epilepsie, mit OMICRON weniger Todesfälle, aber sonstige Risiken gleichbleibend)
- Ballering et al., Persistence of somatic symptoms after COVID-19 in the Netherlands: an observational cohort study (06.08.22 – 13% mit Spätfolgen)
- Sorensen et al., A nationwide questionnaire study of post-acute symptoms and health problems after SARS-CoV-2 infection in Denmark (21.07.22 – nach 12 Monaten 3% Fatigue, Konzentrationsprobleme, 1,5% MECFS)
- Thompson et al., Long COVID burden and risk factors in 10 UK longitudinal studies and electronic health records (28.06.22 – 8-17% LongCOVID, Frauen doppelt so hohes Risiko)
- Zarifkar et al., Frequency of Neurological Diseases After COVID-19, Influenza A/B and Bacterial Pneumonia (23.06.22 – Risiko für Schlaganfälle signifikant erhöht)
- Holsworth et al., Comprehensive clinical assessment identifies specific neurocognitive deficits in working-age patients with long-COVID (10.06.22 – junge vorher gesunde Soldaten, die auch 2 Jahre nach der Infektion zu 70% nicht so fit waren wie davor, kognitive Probleme wie leicht betrunken bzw. 10 Jahre gealtert)
- CDC: 20% aller Erwachsenen ab 18+ erwerben mindestens eine “neue Vorerkrankung” einen Monat oder später nach der Infektion (24.05.22)
- Ali et al., Evolution of neurologic symptoms in non-hospitalized COVID-19 “long haulers” (24.05.22, Alter 31-54, die meisten Symptome wie kognitive Störungen, sensomotorische Symptome, Kopfschmerzen und Fatigue verbesserten sich innerhalb 15 Monate nicht. Sehstörungen und Tinnitus verschlechterten sich, Geruchs- und Geschmacksverlust verbesserten sich)
- Miranda et al., Long COVID-19 syndrome: a 14-months longitudinal study during the two first epidemic peaks in Southeast Brazil (06.05.22)
- Tran et al., Course of post COVID-19 disease symptoms over time in the ComPaRe long COVID prospective e-cohort (05.04.22 – Almost *all* patients [n = 968] still showed some of the most debilitating symptoms (e.g., fatigue) after a year.)
- Xiang et al., Association of COVID-19 with risks of hospitalization and mortality from other disorders post-infection: A study of the UK Biobank (23.03.22 – 24% höhere Gesamtsterblichkeit nach mildem Covidverlauf, ohne Omicron, Geimpfte mit verringertem Risiko gegenüber Ungeimpften)
- Sørensen et al., Post-acute symptoms, new onset diagnoses and health problems 6 to 12 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide questionnaire study in the adult Danish population (28.02.22)
- Xie et al., Risks of mental health outcomes in people with covid-19: cohort study (16.02.22)
- Phetsouphanh et al., Immunological dysfunction persists for 8 months following initial mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection (13.01.22 – Immunmarker erhöht, LongCOVID biologisch nachweisbar!)
- Smith, Estimating total morbidity burden of COVID-19: relative importance of death and disability (26.10.21)
- Davis et al., Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact (15.07.21 – 200 Symptome!)
- Dennis et al., Multiorgan impairment in low-risk individuals with post-COVID-19 syndrome: a prospective, community-based study (Juni 2021)
- Augustin et al., Post-COVID syndrome in non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a longitudinal prospective cohort study (17.05.21, 13% mit Symptomen nach 7 Monaten, 2/3 Frauen)
- Al-Aly and et al., High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequalae of COVID-19 (22.02.21)
- Taquet et al., 6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 379 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records (1 in 3 survivors receives a diagnosis)
- Augustin et al.: Recovered, not restored: Long-term consequences after mild COVID-19 in non-hospitalized patients (12.03.21, n = 958, 53% mit Symptomen nach 6 Monaten)
- Johansson et al., Long Haul Post-COVID-19 Symptoms presenting as a variant of POTS: The Swedish Experience (10.03.21)
- Logue et al., Sequelae in Adults at 6 months after COVID-19 infection (19.02.21)
- Kedor et al., Chronic COVID-19 Syndrome and ME/CFS following the first pandemic wave in Germany – a first analysis of a prospective observational study (08.02.21)
- Davis et al., Characterizing Long COVID in an International Cohort: 7 Months of Symptoms and their Impact (27.12.20 – wichtige Grafiken)
- Townsend et al., Persistent fatigue following SARS-CoV-2 infection is common and independent of severity of inital infection (09.11.20) – und was der ORF draus macht
- Long-term COVID-19 symptoms in a large unselected population (11.10.20)
- Schweiz: Laufende Longcovid-Studie zeigt: 1/3 der Covid-Patienten (ø 40yr, ohne Spitalsbehandlung!) zeigt nach 2 Monaten anhaltende Symtpome (08.10.20)
- Blair et al., The clinical course of COVID-19 in the outpatient setting: a prospective cohort study (03.09.20)
- Towsend et al., Persistent fatigue following SARS-CoV-2 infection is common and independent of severity of initial infection (29.07.20)
- Follow-Up-Studie: Entwicklung von Geruchs- und Geschmackssinnsverlust (02.07.20)
- Dr. Campbell: Update to clinical features (schwere Verläufe bis 3 Monate, 21.06.20)
Wissenschaftliche Studien über Ausprägung und Ursachen von Spätfolgen
- Sharma et al., High risk of autoimmune diseases after COVID-19 (12.04.23)
- Sun et al., Urine proteomic characterization of active and recovered COVID-19 patients (13.03.23, preprint – Gerinnungsstörungen und Veränderungen im Zentralnervensystem bei genesenen Patienten)
- Aschman et al., Post-COVID syndrome is associated with capillary alterations, macrophage infiltration and distinct transcriptomic signatures in skeletal muscles (16.02.23, preprint)
- Zhang et al., SARS-COV-2 spike protein promotes RPE cell senescence via the ROS/P53/P21 pathway (04.02.23 – Covid beschleunigt Makuladegeneration des Auges (AMD), häufigste Ursache für Erblindung im höheren Alter, kann mit LongCOVID schon im Kindesalter beginnen)
- Jacobs et al., Pre-existing conditions associated with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (02/23 – Personen mit Asthma, chronische Verstopfung, Reflux, rheumatoide Arthritis, saisonale Allergien, Depression/Angsterkrankungen mit signifikant erhöhtem Risiko für LongCOVID)
- Tesch et al., Incident autoimmune diseases in association with a SARS-CoV-2 infection: A matched cohort study (26.01.23, preprint – erhöhtes Risiko für Rheuma, Diabetes, Hashimoto, Gefäßerkrankungen)
- Greene et al., Blood-brain barrier disruption in Long COVID-associated cognitive impairment (23.01.23)
- Antar et al., Long COVID brain fog and muscle pain are associated with longer time to clearance of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from the upper respiratory tract during acute infection (19.01.23, preprint – könnte Paxlovid helfen?)
- Xu et al., Risks and burdens of incident dyslipidaemia in long COVID: a cohort study (06.01.23 – “Our findings suggest increased risks and 1-year burdens of incident dyslipidaemia and incident lipid-lowering medications use in the post-acute phase of COVID-19 infection.”)
- Chang et al., Risk of autoimmune diseases in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study (10.01.23, Risiko für rheumatoide Erkrankungen signifikant erhöht: Arthritis, Psoriasis, Vaskulitis, Mb. Bechterew)
- Jacobs et al., Pre-existing conditions associated with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (06.01.23 – bei Rheumatischer Arthritis, sytem er Lupus und MS signifikant erhöhtes Risiko für LongCOVID )
- Jammoul et al., Investigating the possible mechanisms of autonomic dysfunction post-COVID-19 (24.12.22)
- Stein et al., SARS-CoV-2 infection and persistence in the human body and brain at autopsy (14.12.22)
- Herman et al., Impact of cross-coronavirus immunity in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (26.09.22, preprint – mehr Nicht-SARS-CoV2-Antikörper, speziell gegen ein gewöhnliches Coronavirus OC43, Imprinting von OC43 als Risiko für LongCOVID )
- Swewczyk-Dabrowska et al., Correlation between COVID-19 severity and previous exposure of patients to Borrelia spp. (24.09.22 – ein vorheriger Zeckenstich und Borreliose können auf erhöhtes Risiko für einen schweren Verlauf hinweisen: auf Borrelien-Antikörper screenen lassen, Einschränkung: nicht nach Alter stratifiziert – je älter, desto wahrscheinlicher Kontakt mit Borrelien und statistisch gesehen schwererer Verlauf)
- Subramanian et al., Symptoms and risk factors for long COVID in non-hospitalized adults (25.07.22 milde Infektion erhöht Risiko für mehr als 60 Symptome, mehr als 12 Wochen nach Infektion)
- Peluso et al., Impact of Pre-Existing Chronic Viral Infection and Reactivation on the Development of Long COVID (22.07.22, preprint)
- Lee et al., Neurovascular injury with complement activation and inflammation in COVID-19 (05.07.22 – LongCOVID ähnelt Alzheimer bei Gehirnbeteiligung)
- Visser et al., Long COVID is associated with extensive in-vivo neuroinflammation on [18F]DPA-714 PET (04.06.22 – preprint)
- Gorman and Syed, Connecting the Dots in Emerging Mast Cell Research: Do Factors Affecting Mast Cell Activation Provide a Missing Link between Adverse COVID-19 Outcomes and the Social Determinants of Health? (28.05.22)
- Prasannan et al., Impaired exercise capacity in post-COVID syndrome: the role of VWF-ADAMTS13 axis (11.05.22 – Hinweise auf endotheliale Dysfunktion, prothrombotischer Zustand bei LongCOVID, auch in Verbindung mit eingeschränkter Belastbarkeit)
- Talla et al., Persistent serum protein signatures define an inflammatory subset of long COVID (10.05.22)
- Pretoruius et al., Prevalence of symptoms, comorbidities, fibrin amyloid microclots and platelet pathology in individuals with Long COVID/ Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) (09.05., preprint)
- Petersen et al., Multi-organ assessment in mainly non-hospitalized individuals after SARS-CoV-2 infection: The Hamburg City Health Study COVID programme (14.03.22 – häufiger Thrombose, reduziertes Lungenvolumen)
- Chudzik et al., Chronic fatigue associated with post-COVID syndrome versus transient fatigue caused by high intensity exercise: are they comparable in terms of vascular effects? (05.02.22, preprint)
- Mehandru and Merad, Pathological sequelae of long-haul COVID (01.02.22 – 3 zentrale Ursachen von LongCOVID: Viruspersistenz, anhaltende Entzündungsprozesse, Autoimmunreaktionen)
- Su et al., Multiple Early Factors Anticipate Post-Acute COVID-19 Sequelae (24.01.22)
- Charvet et al., SARS-CoV-2 induces human endogenous retrovirus type W envelope protein expression in blood lymphocytes and in tissues of COVID-19 patients (21.01.22 –
- Liu et al., Paradoxical sex-specific patterns of autoantibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection (30.12.21 – von 177 HCW hatten alle selbst-attackierende Antikörper 6 Monate nach der Infektion, unabhängig von der Schwere)
- Van Campen et al., Orthostatic Symptoms and Reductions in Cerebral Blood Flow in Long-Haul COVID-19 Patients: Similarities with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (24.12.21)
- Sukocheva et al., Analysis of post COVID-19 condition and its overlap with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (26.11.21)
- Caspersen et al., Excess risk and clusters of symptoms after COVID-19 in a large Norwegian cohort (18.10.21, preprint, n = 70000)
- Kitsou et al., Upregulation of Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of COVID-19 Patients (06.10.21)
- Long-COVID-Symptome als Folge einer EBV-Reaktivierung? (12.08.21)
- Gold et al., Investigation of Long COVID Prevalence and Its Relationship to Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation (17.06.21)
- Al-Aly et al., High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (22.04.21 – Covid19 vervierfacht das Risiko von weiteren Viruserkrankungen)
- Huang et al., COVID symptoms, symptom clusters, and predictors for becoming a long-hauler: looking for clarity in the haze of the pandemic (05.03.21)
- Blomberg et al., Long COVID affects home-isolated young patients (23.02.21)
- Ramani et al., Musculoskeletal involvement of COVID-19: review of imaging
- (18.02.21)
- Heidbreder et al., Video-polysomnographic findings after acute COVID-19: REM sleep without atonia as sign of CNS pathology? (Feb 21, Anzeichen für Parkinson, n = 11)
- Wang et al., Diverse Functional Autoantibodies in Patients with COVID-19 (10.12.20) und erläuternder Thread von Prof. Akiko Iwasaki dazu
- Sudre et al., Attributes and predictors of LONG-COVID: analysis of COVID cases and their symptoms collected by the Covid Symptoms Study App (21.10.20)
- Dennis et al., Multi-organ impairment in low-risk individuals with long COVID (16.10.20)
- Hu et al., A compromised specific humoral immune response against the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain is related to viral persistence and periodic shedding in the gastrointestinal tract (09.10.20)
- Herridge et al. (2011), Langzeitschäden nach schweren Atemproblemen
- The Coronavirus May Mess With Thyroid Levels, Too (10.08.20)
Herzerkrankungen durch Covid19
- Zhang et al., Ectopic expression of SARS-CoV-2 S and ORF-9B proteins alters metabolic profiles and impairs contractile function in cardiomyocytes (22.02.23 – Covid19 beeinträchtigt die Herzmuskelzellen und macht das Herz weniger leistungsfähig)
- Puzyrenko et al., Collagen‐Specific HSP47+ Myofibroblasts and CD163+ Macrophages Identify Profibrotic Phenotypes in Deceased Hearts With SARS‐CoV‐2 Infections (15.02.23 – Herzfibrose führt zu Herzinsuffizienz und unerwarteten Herztod auch bei jungen Menschen, Lebenserwartung 5-10 Jahre)
- Raisi-Estabragh et al., Cardiovascular disease and mortality sequelae of COVID-19 in the UK Biobank (24.10.22 – milde Infektionen führen zu 2,7x höheren Risiko von Blutgerinnseln und 10,2x höheren Sterblichkeit als Kontrollgruppe )
- Puntmann et al., Long-term cardiac pathology in individuals with mild initial COVID-19 illness (05.09.22 – höhere Herzfrequenzen, höhere Bildgebungswerte oder Kontrastmittelakkumulation)
- Roca-Fernández et al., Cardiac impairment in Long Covid 1-year post-SARS-CoV-2 infection (04.04.22, n > 500, 20% von Herzproblemen betroffen, die bis ein Jahr anhielten, MRI-Diagnostik, nicht erkennbar mit Blutbild (Troponin), 4/5 der Kohorte mit mildem Verlauf)
- Jennifer Abbasi, The COVID Heart—One Year After SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Patients Have an Array of Increased Cardiovascular Risks (02.03.22)
- Xie et al., Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19 (07.02.22)
- Tereshchenko et al., Risk of Cardiovascular Events after Covid-19: a double-cohort study (29.12.21 – n = 1355, erhöhtes Risiko nach symptomatischen/asymptomatischen Verläufen)
- Al-Aly et al., One-year Risks and Burdens of Incident Cardiovascular Disease in COVID-19: Cardiovascular Manifestations of Long COVID (05.10.21, n = 151 195)
- Singh et al., Persistent Exertional Intolerance after COVID-19: Insights from Invasive Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (10.08.21)
- Marfella et al., SARS-COV-2 colonizes coronary thrombus and impairs heart microcirculation bed in asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 positive subjects with acute myocardial infarction (24.06.21 – asymptomatische Patienten!)
- Rubin et al., Cardiac Corrected QT Interval Changes Among Patients Treated for COVID-19 Infection During the Early Phase of the Pandemic (23.04.21)
- McVaney et al., The relationship of large city out-of-hospital cardiac arrests and the prevalence of COVID-19 (07.04.21)
- Sultanian et al., Cardiac arrest in COVID-19: characteristics and outcomes of in- and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. A report from the Swedish Registry for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (05.02.21)
- Prezant et al., System impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on New York City’s emergency medical services (09.11.20)
- Puntmann et al., Anhaltende Herzmuskelentzündung und Herzprobleme bei genesenen Patienten mit überwiegend milden Verläufen (27.07.20) – Zusammenfassung auf Deutsch (BR)
- Lai et al., Characteristics Associated With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrests and Resuscitations During the Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic in New York City (19.06.20)
- Zheng et al., COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system (05.03.20)
Neurologische Erkrankungen durch Covid19
- Covid19 erhöht das Gürtelrose-Risiko (Herpes Zoster), Herpes Zooster-Impfung verhindert viele Alzheimerfälle (25.05.23, preprint; Conclusio: unbedingt weiter gegen Covid impfen UND gegen Gürtelrose)
- Herrera et al., Cognitive impairment in young adults with post COVID-19 syndrome (19.04.23, n = 214, bei 85% Einschränkungen, stärkere Einschränkungen bei jüngeren Patienten)
- Ajčević et al., Cerebral hypoperfusion in post-COVID-19 cognitively impaired subjects revealed by arterial spin labeling MRI (10.04.23 – deutlich reduzierter Blutfluss ins Gehirn bei LongCOVID)
- Kase et al., The original strain of SARS-CoV-2, the Delta variant, and the Omicron variant infect microglia efficiently, in contrast to their inability to infect neurons: Analysis using 2D and 3D cultures (14.03.23)
- Bhowmik et al., Persistent olfactory learning deficits during and post-COVID-19 infection (05.03.23 – rund 80% der Patienten mit kognitiven Beeinträchtigungen 4-18 Monate nach der Genesung)
- Fontes-Dantas et al., SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein induces TLR4-mediated long-term cognitive dysfunction recapitulating post-COVID-19 syndrome in mice (16.02.23 – Gedächtnisverlust)
- Zhou et al., Causal Effects of COVID-19 on Structural Changes in Specific Brain Regions: A Mendelian Randomization Study (16.02.23)
- Spatola et al., Neurologic sequalae of COVID-19 are determined by immunologic imprinting from previous Coronaviruses (10.11.22, preprint)
- Monje and Iwasaki, The Neurobiology of Long COVID (06.10.22 – Covid kann das Gehirn auf 6 verschiedene Arten schädigen )
- Crunfli et al., Morphological, cellular, and molecular basis of brain infection in COVID-19 patients (11.08.22)
- Dan Hurley: Persistent Anosmia due to COVI-19 linked to cognitive impairment (06.08.22)
- Tana et al., Long COVID headache (01.08.22)
- Stephanie Pappas, COVID Virus May Tunnel through Nanotubes from Nose to Brain (20.07.22)
- Charnley et al., Neurotoxic amyloidogenic peptides in the proteome of SARS-COV2: potential implications for neurological symptoms in COVID-19 (13.06.22 – LongCOVIDs neurologische Symptome ähneln Alzheimer)
- Odozor et al., Post-acute sensory neurological sequelae in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: the COVID-PN observational cohort study (24.03.22 – periphere Nervenschäden 3 Monate nach Infektion als in der Kontrollgruppe)
- Douaud et al., SARS-CoV-2 is associated with changes in brain structure in UK Biobank (07.03.22)
- Reiken et al., Alzheimer’s-like signaling in brains of COVID-19 patients (03.02.22)
- Shen et al., SARS-CoV-2 invades cognitive centers of the brain and induces Alzheimer’s-like neuropathology (31.01.22, n = 5)
- Zhao et al., Rapid vigilance and episodic memory decrements in COVID-19 survivors (19.01.22 – auch nach milden Verläufen ohne klassische LongCOVID-Symptome nach 6-9 Monaten noch verringerte Konzentration und Gedächtnisstörungen)
- Fernandez-Castaneda et al., Mild respiratory SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause multi-lineage cellular dysregulation and myelin loss in the brain (10.01.22, preprint -> 12.06.22 peer-reviewed)
- Advani et al., Transverse myelitis after SARS-CoV-2 infection: Report of two cases with COVID-19 (18.12.21)
- Chertow et al., SARS-CoV-2 infection and persistence throughout the human body and brain (20.12.21)
- Islam et al., Neurotoxic Amyloidogenic Peptides Identified in the Proteome of SARS-COV2: Potential Implications for Neurological Symptoms in COVID-19 (24.11.21, preprint Amyloid ist an Demenz beteiligt)
- Rory et al., Small fiber neuropathy associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection (12.11.21)
- Becker et al., Assessment of Cognitive Function in Patients after COVID-19 infection (22.10.21 – 7 Monate nach Infektion 15% Processing deficits, 12% Memory deficits, nach Hospitalisierung 2-3x so häufig)
- Wenzel et al., The SARS-CoV-2 main protease Mpro causes microvascular brain pathology by cleaving NEMO in brain endothelial cells (21.10.21 – Hypothese bestätigt, dass Covid19 kleine Blutgefäße im Gehirn zerstört, erhöhtes Demenzrisiko denkbar)
- Douaud et al., Brain imaging before and after COVID-19 in UK Biobank (18.08.21 – „Auch nach milden Covid Verläufen, ohne Krankenhaus, hatten die Covid Patienten graue Substanz im Gehirn verloren. Auch Hirnbereiche die für Gedächtnis wichtig sind und Riechzentrum betroffen. Wie kommt das? Man vermutet, dass Virus und Entzündung über Nase ins Gehirn dringen. Das würde auch erklären, weshalb harmlose Durchbruchsinfektion nach Impfung Long COVID und solche Veränderungen im Gehirn machen kann.“ (Karl Lauterbach)
- Song et al., Divergent and self-reactive immune responses in the CNS of COVID-19 patients with neurological symptoms (27.04.21)
- Graham et al. Persistent neurologic symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in non-hospitalized COVID-19 „long haulers“ (23.03.21)
- Philippens et al., SARS-CoV2 causes brain inflammation and induces Lewy body formation in macaques (23.02.21 – Form von Alzheimer)
- Nath and Smith, Neurological issues during COVID-19: An Overview (25.11.20) ~ 10-35% LongCovid
- De Melo et al., COVID-19-associated olfactory dysfunction reveals SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion and persistence in the olfactory system (Preprint, 19.11.20)
- Wildwing and Holt: The Neurological Symptoms of ‘Long’ COVID-19: A Comparison with other Neurological Conditions and Implications for Healthcare Services (18.09.20)
- Yiping et al., Cerebral Micro-Structural Changes in COVID-19 Patients – An MRI-based 3-month Follow-up Study (03.08.20)
- Ellul et al., Neurological associations of COVID-19 (02.07.20)
Gastrologische und urologische Erkrankungen durch COVID19
- Ma et al., Risks of digestive diseases in long COVID: Evidence from a large-scale cohort study (25.04.23, preprint)
- Naveed et al., Association of COVID-19 Infection With Incident Diabetes (18.04.23)
- Barreto et al., Metabolic disorders and post-acute hospitalization in black/mixed-race patients with long COVID in Brazil: A cross-sectional analysis (31.10.22 – LongCOVID kann Diabetes auslösen, unabhängig von der Schwere vom Anfangsverlauf)
- Almeida et al., Gut microbiota from patients with mild COVID-19 cause alterations in mice that resemble post-COVID syndrome (22.06.22 – Darmflora bei LongCOVID-Patienten verursacht Verlust an kognitiven Funktionen und beeinträchtigt die Lunge)
- Zollner et al., Post-acute COVID-19 is characterized by gut viral antigen persistence in inflammatory bowel diseases (28.04.22)
- Ebner et al., The COVID-19 pandemic — what have urologists learned? (13.04.22)
- Meringer and Mehandru et al., Gastrointestinal post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (05.04.22)
- Xie et al., Risks and burdens of incident diabetes in long COVID: a cohort study (21.03.22)
- Duel et al., Persistence, prevalence, and polymorphism of sequelae after COVID-19 in young adults (13.02.22 – signifikant niedrigere Testosteronwerte bei zuvor gesunden jungen Männern)
- Reiterer et al., Hyperglycemia in acute COVID-19 is characterized by insulin resistance and adipose tissue infectivity by SARS-CoV-2 (15.09.21)
- Montefusco et al., Acute and long-term disruption of glycometabolic control after SARS-CoV-2 infection (25.05.21)
- Kresch et al., COVID-19 Endothelial Dysfunction Can Cause Erectile Dysfunction: Histopathological, Immunohistochemical, and Ultrastructural Study of the Human Penis (07.05.21)
- Sansone et al., „Mask up to keep it up“: Preliminary evidence of the association between erectile dysfunction and COVID-19 (30.03.21)
- Müller et al, SARS-CoV-2 infects and replicates in cells of the human endocrine and exocrine pancreas (-.>Insulinstörung, Diabetes) – (03.02.21)
- Ma et al., Pathological and molecular examinations of postmortem testis biopsies reveal SARS-CoV-2 infection in the testis and spermatogenesis damage in COVID-19 patients (14.12.20)
- Gaebler et al, Evolution of Antibody Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 (05.11.20) – „Analysis of GI biopsies from asymptomatic individuals 3 months after COVID19….revealed persistence of SARSCoV2 in the small bowel in 7 out of 14 volunteers“ – evtl. relevant für LongCovid! ==> bestätigt durch Studie an der Uni-Klinik Innsbruck (01.05.22)
Gefäßerkrankungen durch COVID-19
- Nunes et al., Cardiovascular and haematological pathology in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS): A role for viruses (20.03.23)
- Podrug et al., Long-Term Adverse Effects of Mild COVID-19 Disease on Arterial Stiffness, and Systemic and Central Hemodynamics: A Pre-Post Study (08.03.23)
- Knight et al., Association of COVID-19 With Major Arterial and Venous Thrombotic Diseases: A Population-Wide Cohort Study of 48 Million Adults in England and Wales (19.09.22 –Herzattacke, Schlaganfall, Thrombosen, Lungenembolie, Hochrisiko sinkt rasch ab nach der Infektion, bleibt aber für 26-49 Wochen erhöht, v.a. für venöse Komplikationen – generell höhere Risiken nach schwerem Verlauf)
- Ahamed and Laurence, Long COVID endotheliopathy: hypothesized mechanisms and potential therapeutic approaches (01.08.22)
- Wagner and Heger, Thromboinflammation: From Atherosclerosis to COVID-19 (08.07.22)
- Katsoularis et al., Risks of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and bleeding after covid-19: nationwide self-controlled cases series and matched cohort study (06.04.22)
- Wang et al., Long COVID: The Nature of Thrombotic Sequelae Determines the Necessity of Early Anticoagulation (05.04.22)
- Fogarty et al, Persistent Endotheliopathy in the Pathogenesis of Long COVID Syndrome (10.08.21)
Bleibende Lungenschäden nach Covid19
- Van Willigen et al., One-Fourth of COVID-19 Patients Have an Impaired Pulmonary Function after 12 Months of Illness Onset (24.02.23) – (Zusammenfassung)
- Gagiannis et al., Clinical, imaging, serological, and histopathological features of pulmonary post-acute sequelae after mild COVID-19 (PASC) (30.11.22, preprint – T-Zellen-Bronchiolitis und Narbenbildung)
- Rendeiro et al., Persistent alveolar type 2 dysfunction and lung structural derangement in post-acute COVID-19 (29.11.22, preprint)
LongCOVID nach Reinfektionen
China berichtet von schwereren Reinfektionen mit OMICRON (13.01.23)
- Cassandra Willyard: Are repeat COVID infections dangerous? What the science says (26.04.23)
- Bosworth et al., Risk of new-onset Long Covid following reinfection with SARS-CoV-2: community-based cohort study (17.04.23, preprint – relative Abnahme des Risikos)
- Fatality rate of people infected with Covid-19 twice higher than those infected once (18.01.23, IFR 0,11 gegenüber 0,06)
- Hadley et al., SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection is Preceded by Unique Biomarkers and Related to Initial Infection Timing and Severity: an N3C RECOVER EHR-Based Cohort Study (05.01.23, preprint – Zunahme von LongCOVID-Risiko mit Reinfektion)
- Marra et al., Risk factors for long COVID among healthcare workers, Brazil, 2020&2022 (05.01.23, preprint – Reinfektionen erhöhten LongCOVID-Risiko, 4. Impfung verringert Risiko)
- Bowe et al., Acute and postacute sequelae associated with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection (10.11.22 – zwei Infektionen mit höherem Risiko zu sterben (2fach), Hospitalisierung (3fach), Herzproblemen (3fach), Blutgerinnsel (3fach) als eine Infektion, Limitation: nur 10% Frauen, 88% über 39 Jahre)
- Neuseeland warnt vor Reinfektionen (28.10.22)
- Reinfektionen verschlechtern LongCOVID bei 80% der Betroffenen und kann bei 60% zum erneuten Auftreten von LongCOVID-Symptomen bei Genesenen führen .(n = 600, 08.09.22)
- The interplay of omicron, reinfections and long COVID (27.08.22)
- Al-Aly et al, Outcomes of SARS-CoV2 Reinfection (17.06.22, preprint –Erläuterung zu Limitation und Stärke von Blake Murdoch)
Immunschwäche durch Covid19?
wissenschaftsjournalistische Einordnung:
- Andrew Ewing (World Health Network): COVID-19 and Immune Dysregulation, a Summary and Resource (05.03.23)
- Frederik Jötten: Löst Corona eine Immunschwäche aus? (17.02.23)
- Tim Requarth: What Is COVID Actually Doing to Our Immune Systems? The research sounds scary. It’s not bunk—but it’s important to understand its purpose. (31.01.23)

Hinweis: Es gibt erdrückend viele Studien, die zeigen, dass Covid19 die Funktion der T-Zellen, Lymphozyten und Sensorzellen (Dendritic Cells) für mehrere Monate ab Infektionszeitpunkt beeinträchtigt. Über eine dauerhafte Immunschwäche durch Covid19 ist nichts bekannt, so man von LongCOVID/MECFS absieht.
Bei vielen Kindern muss man leider davon ausgehen, dass sie schon mehrfach infiziert wurden und ihr Immunsystem dadurch dauerhaft geschwächt ist, und so anfälliger für schwere Verläufe durch bakterielle und virale Infekte wird.
Ja, andere Infekte wie Influenza erzeugen auch eine gesteigerte Infektanfälligkeit, aber üblicherweise nur alle 5-10 Jahre, während man Covid19 alle 6 Monate bekommen kann. Dadurch kann sich das Immunsystem nie vollständig erholen.
Wie das Immunsystem funktioniert, zeigt dieses Video der Immunologin Akiko Iwasaki recht anschaulich.
“Wir mussten in der Notfallsprechstunde schon im Treppenhaus triagieren. (…) Zudem kann Corona das Immunsystem der Kinder schwächen. Die Folge: Sie sind anfälliger für Infekte.”
NRW, Aktuelle Stunde, WDR (26.11.22)
- Wang et al., Disrupted seasonality and association of COVID-19 with medically attended respiratory syncytial virus infections among young children in the US: January 2010-January 2023 (16.05.23, preprint – Covid19 hat zur starken RS-Welle 2021/2022 beigetragen)
- Visvabharathy et al., Autoantibody production is enhanced after mild SARS-CoV-2 infection despite vaccination in individuals with and without long COVID (12.04.23, preprint – bei SLE und entzündlichen Muskelerkrankungen bis zu 8 Monate erhöhte Produktion von Autoantikörpern, einhergehend mit neurologischen und kognitiven Beeinträchtigungen und größerer Symptomschwere, nachfolgende Impfung verringert die Autoantikörper nicht)
- Yin et al., Long COVID manifests with T cell dysregulation, inflammation, and an uncoordinated adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 (10.02.23, preprint)
- Pedroso et al., COVID-19 INDUCES SENESCENCE AND EXHAUSTION OF T CELLS IN PATIENTS WITH MILD/MODERATE AND SEVERE DISEASE DURING A SEVEN-DAY INTERVAL (18.01.23, preprint – ” SARS-CoV2 infection can accelerate immunosenescence in both CD4 and CD8 T cell compartments in a short period of time.”)
- Emily Henderson: New insights into deadly fungal invasion in people with compromised immune systems (12.01.23 – “We discovered that influenza and Cov19 destroy a previously unknown natural immunity that we need to resist invasive fungal infections,” says Nicole Sarden, a PhD candidate at the University of Calgary.”)
- Maher et al., Transcriptional reprogramming from innate immune functions to a pro-thrombotic signature by monocytes in COVID-19 (26.12.22 – unspezifische Immunabwehr (Innate immune system) auch nach mild-moderatem Verlauf beeinträchtigt, kann schwerere Verläufe bei Folgeerkrankungen nach Covid mit Viren und Bakterien (z.b. Streptokokken) erklären)
- 36+ Papers über covid bedingte Immunschwäche (CAID, Thread)
- Khoo et al., Tracking the clonal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in children and adults with mild/asymptomatic COVID-19 (21.12.22 – “These data suggest that rapid clearance of SARS-CoV-2 in children may compromise their cellular immunity and ability to resist reinfection.” – Limitation: sehr kleine Stichprobe (n = 5/7)
- Terry Pender: Immune systems seriously weakened by COVID (20.12.22)
- “We discovered that influenza and COVID-19 destroy a previously unknown natural immunity that we need to resist invasive fungal infections” (12.22)
- In Südengland Ausbruch von Streptokokken A bei Kindern, bereits 6 Todesfälle – Co-Infektion mit Covid (02.12.22), und Dänemark: überdurchschnittlich viele Infekteionen (21.01.23)
- Morton et al., Defective antifungal immunity in patients with COVID-19 (30.11.22)
- Alemu et al., Tuberculosis in individuals who recovered from COVID-19: A systematic review of case reports (28.11.22 – Tuberkulose-Fälle nehmen seit Covid zu)
- Miura et al., Asymptomatic SARS-COV-2 infection in children’s tonsils (11.11.22 – Covid zerstört die dendritischen Zellen und Lymphozyten in den Mandeln, wo Strep A bei Kindern attackiert)
- Najeeb et al, The Menace of Candida auris Epidemic Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review (29.08.22 – increase of bacterial, fungal and viral superinfection)
- Govender et al., T cell perturbations persist for at least 6 months following hospitalization for COVID-19 (08.08.22 – nach schweren Verläufen für mindestens 6 Monate geschwächtes Immunsystem)
- Shen et al., ACE2-independent infection of T lymphocytes by SARS-CoV-2 (11.03.22 – Studie bestätigt, dass unser Immunsystem (T-Zellen infiziert, Apoptose begünstigt) durch eine Infektion mit SARS-CoV-2 selbst geschwächt werden kann. Wissenschaftliche Evidenz gegen „die Infektion trainiert unser Immunsystem“ Konzept)
- Chang et al., Depletion and Dysfunction of Dendritic Cells: Understanding SARS-CoV-2 Infection (21.02.22)
- Jing et al., SARS-CoV-2 infection causes immunodeficiency in recovered patients by downregulating CD19 expression in B cells via enhancing B-cell metabolism (22.09.21)
- Perez-Gomez et al., Dendritic cell deficiencies persist seven months after SARS-CoV-2 infection (21.07.21)
- André et al., T cell apoptosis characterizes severe Covid-19 disease (22.01.22)
- Ryan et al., Long-term perturbation of the peripheral immune system months after SARS-CoV-2 infection (14.01.22 – vorübergehende Immunschwäche v.a. 3-4 Monate nach Infektion, anhaltende Effekte bis 6 Monate)
- Phetsouphanh et al., Immunological dysfunction persists for 8 months following initial mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection (13.01.22)
- Winheim et al., Impaired function and delayed regeneration of dendritic cells in COVID-19 (6.10.21 – Covid kann die dendritischen Zellen schwächen!)
- Files et al., Sustained cellular immune dysregulation in individuals recovering from SARS-CoV-2 infection (29.10.20)
- Davanzo et al., SARS-CoV-2 Uses CD4 to Infect T Helper Lymphocytes (28.09.20)
- Sciaccitano and Giovagnoli, AIDS and COVID-19 are two diseases separated by a common lymphocytopenia (July 2020)
- Diao et al., Reduction and Functional Exhaustion of T Cells in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (01.05.20)
- Diao et al., Reduction and Functional Exhaustion of T Cells in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19, 20.02.20)
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