• Parotto et al., Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: understanding and addressing the burden of multisystem manifestations (17.07.23)
• Petersen et al., Multi-organ assessment in mainly non-hospitalized individuals after SARS-CoV-2 infection: The Hamburg City Health Study COVID programme (14.03.22 – häufiger Thrombose, reduziertes Lungenvolumen)
• Dennis et al., Multi-organ impairment in low-risk individuals with long COVID (16.10.20)

Herz

“COVID survivors should be monitored for at least a year after recovering from the acute illness to diagnose cardiovascular complications of the infection, which form part of LongCOVID” – The European Society of Cardiology (19.01.23)

• Zhang et al., Ectopic expression of SARS-CoV-2 S and ORF-9B proteins alters metabolic profiles and impairs contractile function in cardiomyocytes (22.02.23 – Covid19 beeinträchtigt die Herzmuskelzellen und macht das Herz weniger leistungsfähig)
• Puzyrenko et al., Collagen‐Specific HSP47⁺ Myofibroblasts and CD163⁺ Macrophages Identify Profibrotic Phenotypes in Deceased Hearts With SARS‐CoV‐2 Infections (15.02.23 – Herzfibrose führt zu Herzinsuffizienz und unerwarteten Herztod auch bei jungen Menschen, Lebenserwartung 5-10 Jahre)
• Raisi-Estabragh et al., Cardiovascular disease and mortality sequelae of COVID-19 in the UK Biobank (24.10.22 – milde Infektionen führen zu 2,7x höheren Risiko von Blutgerinnseln und 10,2x höheren Sterblichkeit als Kontrollgruppe )
• Puntmann et al., Long-term cardiac pathology in individuals with mild initial COVID-19 illness (05.09.22 – höhere Herzfrequenzen, höhere Bildgebungswerte oder Kontrastmittelakkumulation)
• Roca-Fernández et al., Cardiac impairment in Long Covid 1-year post-SARS-CoV-2 infection (04.04.22, n > 500, 20% von Herzproblemen betroffen, die bis ein Jahr anhielten, MRI-Diagnostik, nicht erkennbar mit Blutbild (Troponin), 4/5 der Kohorte mit mildem Verlauf)
• Jennifer Abbasi, The COVID Heart—One Year After SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Patients Have an Array of Increased Cardiovascular Risks (02.03.22)
• Xie et al., Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19 (07.02.22)
• Tereshchenko et al., Risk of Cardiovascular Events after Covid-19: a double-cohort study (29.12.21 – n = 1355, erhöhtes Risiko nach symptomatischen/asymptomatischen Verläufen)
• Al-Aly et al., One-year Risks and Burdens of Incident Cardiovascular Disease in COVID-19: Cardiovascular Manifestations of Long COVID (05.10.21, n = 151 195)
• Singh et al., Persistent Exertional Intolerance after COVID-19: Insights from Invasive Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (10.08.21)
• Marfella et al., SARS-COV-2 colonizes coronary thrombus and impairs heart microcirculation bed in asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 positive subjects with acute myocardial infarction (24.06.21 – asymptomatische Patienten!)
• Rubin et al., Cardiac Corrected QT Interval Changes Among Patients Treated for COVID-19 Infection During the Early Phase of the Pandemic (23.04.21)
• McVaney et al., The relationship of large city out-of-hospital cardiac arrests and the prevalence of COVID-19 (07.04.21)
• Sultanian et al., Cardiac arrest in COVID-19: characteristics and outcomes of in- and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. A report from the Swedish Registry for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (05.02.21)
• Prezant et al., System impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on New York City’s emergency medical services (09.11.20)
• Puntmann et al., Anhaltende Herzmuskelentzündung und Herzprobleme bei genesenen Patienten mit überwiegend milden Verläufen (27.07.20) – Zusammenfassung auf Deutsch (BR)
• Lai et al., Characteristics Associated With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrests and Resuscitations During the Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic in New York City (19.06.20)
• Zheng et al., COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system (05.03.20)

Lunge

• Kramer et al., Pulmonary Fibrosis and COVID-19 (20.07.23)
• Bellini et al., Long COVID in Young Patients: Impact on Lung Volume Evaluated Using Multidetector CT (30.06.23 – 10% kleinere Lunge bei jungen Post-Covid-Patienten)
• Van Willigen et al., One-Fourth of COVID-19 Patients Have an Impaired Pulmonary Function after 12 Months of Illness Onset (24.02.23) – (Zusammenfassung)
• Gagiannis et al., Clinical, imaging, serological, and histopathological features of pulmonary post-acute sequelae after mild COVID-19 (PASC) (30.11.22, preprint – T-Zellen-Bronchiolitis und Narbenbildung)
• Rendeiro et al., Persistent alveolar type 2 dysfunction and lung structural derangement in post-acute COVID-19 (29.11.22, preprint)

Magen-Darm

• Ma et al., Risks of digestive diseases in long COVID: Evidence from a large-scale cohort study (25.04.23, preprint)
• Almeida et al., Gut microbiota from patients with mild COVID-19 cause alterations in mice that resemble post-COVID syndrome (22.06.22 – Darmflora bei LongCOVID-Patienten verursacht Verlust an kognitiven Funktionen und beeinträchtigt die Lunge)
• Zollner et al., Post-acute COVID-19 is characterized by gut viral antigen persistence in inflammatory bowel diseases (28.04.22)
• Meringer and Mehandru et al., Gastrointestinal post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (05.04.22)
• Gaebler et al, Evolution of Antibody Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 (05.11.20) – „Analysis of GI biopsies from asymptomatic individuals 3 months after COVID19….revealed persistence of SARSCoV2 in the small bowel in 7 out of 14 volunteers“ – evtl. relevant für LongCovid! ==> bestätigt durch Studie an der Uni-Klinik Innsbruck (01.05.22)

Niere und Blase

• Ebner et al., The COVID-19 pandemic — what have urologists learned? (13.04.22)

Schilddrüse

• Yanachkova et al., Thyroid dysfunction as a long-term post-COVID-19 complication in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 (31.01.23)
• The Coronavirus May Mess With Thyroid Levels, Too (10.08.20)

Bauchspeicheldrüse

• Taylor et al., Diabetes following SARS-CoV-2 infection: Incidence, persistence, and implications of COVID-19 vaccination. A cohort study of fifteen million people (09.08.23, preprint – Diabetes häufiger nach schweren Verläufen, Impfung reduziert Risiko erheblich)
• Naveed et al., Association of COVID-19 Infection With Incident Diabetes (18.04.23)
• Xu et al., Risks and burdens of incident dyslipidaemia in long COVID: a cohort study (06.01.23 – “Our findings suggest increased risks and 1-year burdens of incident dyslipidaemia and incident lipid-lowering medications use in the post-acute phase of COVID-19 infection.”)
• Barreto et al., Metabolic disorders and post-acute hospitalization in black/mixed-race patients with long COVID in Brazil: A cross-sectional analysis (31.10.22 – LongCOVID kann Diabetes auslösen, unabhängig von der Schwere vom Anfangsverlauf)
• Xie et al., Risks and burdens of incident diabetes in long COVID: a cohort study (21.03.22)
• Reiterer et al., Hyperglycemia in acute COVID-19 is characterized by insulin resistance and adipose tissue infectivity by SARS-CoV-2 (15.09.21)
• Montefusco et al., Acute and long-term disruption of glycometabolic control after SARS-CoV-2 infection (25.05.21)
• Müller et al, SARS-CoV-2 infects and replicates in cells of the human endocrine and exocrine pancreas (-.>Insulinstörung, Diabetes) – (03.02.21)

Fortpflanzung

• Kandemir et al., Evaluation of long-COVID symptoms in women infected with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy (30.06.23 – n = 99, 74% mit mindestens einem LongCOVID-Symptom, Hospitalisierung erhöht LongCOVID-Risiko)
• Li et al., Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections by intranasal or testicular inoculation induces testicular damage preventable by vaccination in golden Syrian hamsters (18.02.22 – SARS-CoV2 kann Mumps-ähnliche Schäden an den Hoden machen und Unfruchtbarkeit hervorrufen)
• Duel et al., Persistence, prevalence, and polymorphism of sequelae after COVID-19 in young adults (13.02.22 – signifikant niedrigere Testosteronwerte bei zuvor gesunden jungen Männern)
• Kresch et al., COVID-19 Endothelial Dysfunction Can Cause Erectile Dysfunction: Histopathological, Immunohistochemical, and Ultrastructural Study of the Human Penis (07.05.21)
• Sansone et al., „Mask up to keep it up“: Preliminary evidence of the association between erectile dysfunction and COVID-19 (30.03.21)
• Ma et al., Pathological and molecular examinations of postmortem testis biopsies reveal SARS-CoV-2 infection in the testis and spermatogenesis damage in COVID-19 patients (14.12.20)

Gehirn (kognitiv, Demenz, etc.)

• Besteher et al., Cortical thickness alterations and systemic inflammation define long-COVID patients with cognitive impairment (23.07.23, preprint)
• Pandharipande et al., Mitigating neurological, cognitive, and psychiatric sequelae of COVID-19-related critical illness (17.07.23)
• Louise Cummings, Long COVID: The impact on language and cognition (22.06.23)
• Gesundheitsreport der Techniker Krankenkasse (Deutschland), Konzentrationsprobleme von 21 auf 53% bei Studenten gestiegen (Juni 2023)
• Martinez-Marmol et al., SARS-CoV-2 infection and viral fusogens cause neuronal and glial fusion that compromises neuronal activity (07.06.23)
• Sen et al., Cerebral blood flow in patients recovered from mild COVID-19 (02.06.23)
• Ali Nouraeinejad, The functional and structural changes in the hippocampus of COVID-19 patients (25.05.23)
• Covid19 erhöht das Gürtelrose-Risiko (Herpes Zoster), Herpes Zooster-Impfung verhindert viele Alzheimerfälle (25.05.23, preprint; Conclusio: unbedingt weiter gegen Covid impfen UND gegen Gürtelrose)
• Herrera et al., Cognitive impairment in young adults with post COVID-19 syndrome (19.04.23, n = 214, bei 85% Einschränkungen, stärkere Einschränkungen bei jüngeren Patienten)
• Ajčević et al., Cerebral hypoperfusion in post-COVID-19 cognitively impaired subjects revealed by arterial spin labeling MRI (10.04.23 – deutlich reduzierter Blutfluss ins Gehirn bei LongCOVID)
• Kase et al., The original strain of SARS-CoV-2, the Delta variant, and the Omicron variant infect microglia efficiently, in contrast to their inability to infect neurons: Analysis using 2D and 3D cultures (14.03.23)
• Bhowmik et al., Persistent olfactory learning deficits during and post-COVID-19 infection (05.03.23 – rund 80% der Patienten mit kognitiven Beeinträchtigungen 4-18 Monate nach der Genesung)
• Fontes-Dantas et al., SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein induces TLR4-mediated long-term cognitive dysfunction recapitulating post-COVID-19 syndrome in mice (16.02.23 – Gedächtnisverlust)
• Zhou et al., Causal Effects of COVID-19 on Structural Changes in Specific Brain Regions: A Mendelian Randomization Study (16.02.23)
• Greene et al., Blood-brain barrier disruption in Long COVID-associated cognitive impairment (23.01.23)
• Antar et al., Long COVID brain fog and muscle pain are associated with longer time to clearance of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from the upper respiratory tract during acute infection (19.01.23, preprint – könnte Paxlovid helfen?)
• Stein et al., SARS-CoV-2 infection and persistence in the human body and brain at autopsy (14.12.22)
• Monje and Iwasaki, The Neurobiology of Long COVID (06.10.22 – Covid kann das Gehirn auf 6 verschiedene Arten schädigen )
• Crunfli et al., Morphological, cellular, and molecular basis of brain infection in COVID-19 patients (11.08.22)
• Dan Hurley: Persistent Anosmia due to COVI-19 linked to cognitive impairment (06.08.22)
• Tana et al., Long COVID headache (01.08.22)
• Stephanie Pappas, COVID Virus May Tunnel through Nanotubes from Nose to Brain (20.07.22)
• Lee et al., Neurovascular injury with complement activation and inflammation in COVID-19 (05.07.22 – LongCOVID ähnelt Alzheimer bei Gehirnbeteiligung)
• Charnley et al., Neurotoxic amyloidogenic peptides in the proteome of SARS-COV2: potential implications for neurological symptoms in COVID-19 (13.06.22 – LongCOVIDs neurologische Symptome ähneln Alzheimer)
• Douaud et al., SARS-CoV-2 is associated with changes in brain structure in UK Biobank (07.03.22)
• Bauer et al., The neuroinvasiveness, neurotropism, and neurovirulence of SARS-CoV-2 (02.03.22 – Gehirn wird direkt und indirekt attackiert)
• Reiken et al., Alzheimer’s-like signaling in brains of COVID-19 patients (03.02.22)
• Shen et al., SARS-CoV-2 invades cognitive centers of the brain and induces Alzheimer’s-like neuropathology (31.01.22, n = 5)
• Zhao et al., Rapid vigilance and episodic memory decrements in COVID-19 survivors (19.01.22 – auch nach milden Verläufen ohne klassische LongCOVID-Symptome nach 6-9 Monaten noch verringerte Konzentration und Gedächtnisstörungen)
• Fernandez-Castaneda et al., Mild respiratory SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause multi-lineage cellular dysregulation and myelin loss in the brain (10.01.22, preprint -> 12.06.22 peer-reviewed)
• Chertow et al., SARS-CoV-2 infection and persistence throughout the human body and brain (20.12.21)
• Islam et al., Neurotoxic Amyloidogenic Peptides Identified in the Proteome of SARS-COV2: Potential Implications for Neurological Symptoms in COVID-19 (24.11.21, preprint Amyloid ist an Demenz beteiligt)
• Becker et al., Assessment of Cognitive Function in Patients after COVID-19 infection (22.10.21 – 7 Monate nach Infektion 15% Processing deficits, 12% Memory deficits, nach Hospitalisierung 2-3x so häufig)
• Wenzel et al., The SARS-CoV-2 main protease M^pro causes microvascular brain pathology by cleaving NEMO in brain endothelial cells (21.10.21 – Hypothese bestätigt, dass Covid19 kleine Blutgefäße im Gehirn zerstört, erhöhtes Demenzrisiko denkbar)
• Douaud et al., Brain imaging before and after COVID-19 in UK Biobank (18.08.21 – „Auch nach milden Covid Verläufen, ohne Krankenhaus, hatten die Covid Patienten graue Substanz im Gehirn verloren. Auch Hirnbereiche die für Gedächtnis wichtig sind und Riechzentrum betroffen. Wie kommt das? Man vermutet, dass Virus und Entzündung über Nase ins Gehirn dringen. Das würde auch erklären, weshalb harmlose Durchbruchsinfektion nach Impfung Long COVID und solche Veränderungen im Gehirn machen kann.“ (Karl Lauterbach)
• Graham et al. Persistent neurologic symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in non-hospitalized COVID-19 „long haulers“ (23.03.21)
• Philippens et al., SARS-CoV2 causes brain inflammation and induces Lewy body formation in macaques (23.02.21 – Form von Alzheimer)
• De Melo et al., COVID-19-associated olfactory dysfunction reveals SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion and persistence in the olfactory system (Preprint, 19.11.20)
• Yiping et al., Cerebral Micro-Structural Changes in COVID-19 Patients – An MRI-based 3-month Follow-up Study (03.08.20)

Nervensystem und Muskeln

• Abrams et al., Persistent post–COVID-19 neuromuscular symptoms (19.07.23)
• Woo et al., Vagus nerve inflammation contributes to dysautonomia in COVID-19 (20.06.23 – preprint)
• Kovanen and Vuorio, SARS-CoV-2 reinfection: Adding insult to dysfunctional endothelium in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (07.06.23)
• Sadiq et al., Myasthenia Gravis Associated With COVID-19 Infection (25.05.23)
• Sun et al., Urine proteomic characterization of active and recovered COVID-19 patients (13.03.23, preprint – Gerinnungsstörungen und Veränderungen im Zentralnervensystem bei genesenen Patienten)
• Aschman et al., Post-COVID syndrome is associated with capillary alterations, macrophage infiltration and distinct transcriptomic signatures in skeletal muscles (16.02.23, preprint)
• Spatola et al., Neurologic sequalae of COVID-19 are determined by immunologic imprinting from previous Coronaviruses (10.11.22, preprint)
• Cao et al., Accelerated biological aging in COVID-19 patients (19.04.22)
• Odozor et al., Post-acute sensory neurological sequelae in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: the COVID-PN observational cohort study (24.03.22 – periphere Nervenschäden 3 Monate nach Infektion als in der Kontrollgruppe)
• Advani et al., Transverse myelitis after SARS-CoV-2 infection: Report of two cases with COVID-19 (18.12.21)
• Rory et al., Small fiber neuropathy associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection (12.11.21)
• Mongelli et al., Evidence for Biological Age Acceleration and Telomere Shortening in Covid-19 survivors (7.6.21)
• Song et al., Divergent and self-reactive immune responses in the CNS of COVID-19 patients with neurological symptoms (27.04.21)
• Heidbreder et al., Video-polysomnographic findings after acute COVID-19: REM sleep without atonia as sign of CNS pathology? (Feb 21, Anzeichen für Parkinson, n = 11)
• Ramani et al., Musculoskeletal involvement of COVID-19: review of imaging
• (18.02.21)
• Nath and Smith, Neurological issues during COVID-19: An Overview (25.11.20) ~ 10-35% LongCovid
• Wildwing and Holt: The Neurological Symptoms of ‘Long’ COVID-19: A Comparison with other Neurological Conditions and Implications for Healthcare Services (18.09.20)
• Ellul et al., Neurological associations of COVID-19 (02.07.20)

Gefäße

• Kuchler et al., Persistent endothelial dysfunction in post-COVID-19 syndrome and its associations with symptom severity and chronic inflammation (28.07.23)
• Kalaw et al., Retinal tissue and microvasculature loss in COVID-19 infection (29.03.23)
• Nunes et al., Cardiovascular and haematological pathology in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS): A role for viruses (20.03.23)
• Podrug et al., Long-Term Adverse Effects of Mild COVID-19 Disease on Arterial Stiffness, and Systemic and Central Hemodynamics: A Pre-Post Study (08.03.23)
• Knight et al., Association of COVID-19 With Major Arterial and Venous Thrombotic Diseases: A Population-Wide Cohort Study of 48 Million Adults in England and Wales (19.09.22 –Herzattacke, Schlaganfall, Thrombosen, Lungenembolie, Hochrisiko sinkt rasch ab nach der Infektion, bleibt aber für 26-49 Wochen erhöht, v.a. für venöse Komplikationen – generell höhere Risiken nach schwerem Verlauf)
• Ahamed and Laurence, Long COVID endotheliopathy: hypothesized mechanisms and potential therapeutic approaches (01.08.22)
• Wagner and Heger, Thromboinflammation: From Atherosclerosis to COVID-19 (08.07.22)
• Burn et al., Venous or arterial thrombosis and deaths among COVID-19 cases: a European network cohort study (13.05.22)
• Prasannan et al., Impaired exercise capacity in post-COVID syndrome: the role of VWF-ADAMTS13 axis (11.05.22 – Hinweise auf endotheliale Dysfunktion, prothrombotischer Zustand bei LongCOVID, auch in Verbindung mit eingeschränkter Belastbarkeit)
• Pretoruius et al., Prevalence of symptoms, comorbidities, fibrin amyloid microclots and platelet pathology in individuals with Long COVID/ Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) (09.05., preprint)
• Katsoularis et al., Risks of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and bleeding after covid-19: nationwide self-controlled cases series and matched cohort study (06.04.22)
• Wang et al., Long COVID: The Nature of Thrombotic Sequelae Determines the Necessity of Early Anticoagulation (05.04.22)
• Fogarty et al, Persistent Endotheliopathy in the Pathogenesis of Long COVID Syndrome (10.08.21)

Autoimmunerkrankungen und Reaktivierung von Viren

• Zhu et al., Dynamics of inflammatory responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection by vaccination status in the USA: a prospective cohort study (07.08.23- Impfung verringert Entzündungsmarker)
• Woodruff et al., Chronic inflammation, neutrophil activity, and autoreactivity splits long COVID (14.07.23 – verschiedene Subtypen bei LongCOVID, unspezifische Marker, ANA beim entzündlichen Subtyp erhöht und persistierend (wie auch bei MECFS), erhöhte Autoreaktivität, aktivierte Gerinnung)
• Sharma et al., High risk of autoimmune diseases after COVID-19 (12.04.23)
• Tesch et al., Incident autoimmune diseases in association with a SARS-CoV-2 infection: A matched cohort study (26.01.23, preprint – erhöhtes Risiko für Rheuma, Diabetes, Hashimoto, Gefäßerkrankungen)
• Chang et al., Risk of autoimmune diseases in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study (10.01.23, Risiko für rheumatoide Erkrankungen signifikant erhöht: Arthritis, Psoriasis, Vaskulitis, Mb. Bechterew)
• Swewczyk-Dabrowska et al., Correlation between COVID-19 severity and previous exposure of patients to Borrelia spp. (24.09.22 – ein vorheriger Zeckenstich und Borreliose können auf erhöhtes Risiko für einen schweren Verlauf hinweisen: auf Borrelien-Antikörper screenen lassen, Einschränkung: nicht nach Alter stratifiziert – je älter, desto wahrscheinlicher Kontakt mit Borrelien und statistisch gesehen schwererer Verlauf)
• Peluso et al., Impact of Pre-Existing Chronic Viral Infection and Reactivation on the Development of Long COVID (22.07.22, preprint)
• Charvet et al., SARS-CoV-2 induces human endogenous retrovirus type W envelope protein expression in blood lymphocytes and in tissues of COVID-19 patients (21.01.22)
• Liu et al., Paradoxical sex-specific patterns of autoantibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection (30.12.21 – von 177 HCW hatten alle selbst-attackierende Antikörper 6 Monate nach der Infektion, unabhängig von der Schwere)
• Kitsou et al., Upregulation of Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of COVID-19 Patients (06.10.21)
• Long-COVID-Symptome als Folge einer EBV-Reaktivierung? (12.08.21)
• Gold et al., Investigation of Long COVID Prevalence and Its Relationship to Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation (17.06.21)
• Wang et al., Diverse Functional Autoantibodies in Patients with COVID-19 (10.12.20) und erläuternder Thread von Prof. Akiko Iwasaki dazu